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'''Materialism''' is the philosophical position that the material world — that is, the "natural world" of ''matter'' and ''energy'' — is the only thing that truly exists. It rejects [[supernatural]] explanations of observable phenomena, as well as philosophical [[idealism]] and [[spiritualism]].
'''Materialism''' is the philosophical position that the material world — that is, the "natural world" of ''matter'' and ''energy'' — is the only thing that truly exists. It rejects [[supernatural]] explanations of observable phenomena, as well as philosophical [[idealism]] and [[spiritualism]].


Materialism is the basis of all [[scientific inquiry]], although many scientists do hold supernatural or spiritual beliefs that may even play a role in their scientific endeavors.   Materialists would see other forms of energy such as light photons as the same substance as matter.  
{{quote|By ‘materialism’ we mean the claim that all the motions and states of the physical (including the biological) universe form a closed world of causation, solely under the influence of a small number of known measurable forces. As I pointed out, this claim requires us to accept that these forces have some counterintuitive properties, our intuitions having been formed by the experience of our gross senses.<ref>(Richard Lewontin, New York Review of Books, March 6, 1997</ref>}}


In common parlance, '''materialism''' also means the attitude of valuing material possessions over intangible things like [[love]] and honor. For this reason, the word can have a pejorative connotation. Materialism should not be seen as bad. Love and honour have a physical basis in the human brain. Neural psychologists are discovering how loving brains and brains that respect honour differ from other brains. Scientists do not know the details yet. That should not stop us valuing love or honour or thinking of them as tangible and real.
Materialism is the basis of all [[scientific inquiry]], although many scientists do hold supernatural or spiritual beliefs that may even play a role in their scientific endeavors. Materialists would see other forms of energy such as light photons as the same substance as matter. For this reason, metaphysical explanations are usually rejected out of hand.
 
{{quote|When you go to a car mechanic, do you go to one that does a séance to rid your car of evil spirits? Or do you go to a car mechanic that looks for real and physical reasons that your car doesn't work? <ref>[http://www.christianforums.com/threads/what-is-love.7890742/#post-68042102]</ref>}}
 
In common parlance, materialism also means the attitude of valuing material possessions over intangible things like [[love]] and honor (some strawmen would also associate this term with being a greedy immoral monster). For this reason, the word can have a pejorative connotation. Materialism should not be seen as bad. Love and honor have a physical basis in the human brain. Neural psychologists are discovering how loving brains and brains that respect honor differ from other brains. Scientists do not know the details yet. That should not stop us valuing love or honor or thinking of them as tangible and real. (Not only that, but we are after all biological life-forms who exist in the physical realm, it would be unhealthy for us, both mentally and physiologically, to reject all that exists on the sole and baseless criteria that it is "physical" - including what the strawman considers to be the only thing this term applies to)
 
==Criticism==
 
===Reductionism===
 
Materialism is sometimes accused of [[reductionism]], which over simplifies reality in an attempt to explain it. In particular, it rejects metaphysical explanations which theists claim are necessary to explain the divine. <ref name="disc">[http://www.discovery.org/a/458]</ref>
 
{{quote-source|But in the real world our inwards are invisible.|Lady Reason in ''The Pilgrim’s Regress'' by [[C. S. Lewis]]}}
 
However, materialism is arguably not reductionist if it is consistent will all real phenomena. There is no reliable evidence of any phenomena that is incompatible with materialism.
 
{{quote-source|The reasons for which "this" [material] world has been characterized as "apparent" are the very reasons which indicate its reality; any other kind of reality is absolutely indemonstrable.|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]]}}
 
===Moral relativism===
 
Critics of materialism claim that it supports [[moral relativism]], i.e. "all points of view are equally valid."<ref>[http://www.iep.utm.edu/relativi/]</ref>, since it rejects [[absolute morality]].<ref name="disc"/> However, this is a [[false dichotomy]] since these are not the only two positions on the matter. Also, this is a [[straw man]] argument because materialism also rejects this form of moral relativism since it is also a metaphysical position. While materialism sees personal values as a product of culture, upbringing, environment, DNA, etc., it does not claim that different values are "equally valid" because "valid" in this context is a metaphysical concept.
 
===Undermines personal responsibility===
 
Materialism also supposedly undermines personal responsibility because it claims that external factors can influence our decisions and our "[[free will]]". While factually questionable, it is also an [[appeal to consequences]] - the desirability or undesirability of the consequences of a belief are not factors in determining its validity.
 
===Utopianism===
 
Utopianism is an attempt to create a perfect world and is another alleged [[appeal to consequences|consequence]] of materialism. This movement is dangerous because it does not consider or allow for practical limitations, compromises with other groups and the often uncooperative aspects of human nature. In other words, utopianism is another form of reductionism.
 
{{quote-source|The utopian dream of a perfect society and a perfect human being, the idea that we are moving towards collective salvation, is one of the most dangerous legacies of the Christian faith and the Enlightenment. Those who believe in the possibility of this perfection often call for the silencing or eradication of human beings who are impediments to human progress. They turn their particular good into a universal good. They are blind to their own corruption and capacity for evil. They soon commit evil, not for evil's sake but to make a better world.|[[Chris Hedges]]<ref>[http://www.alternet.org/story/8044/the_dangerous_atheism_of_christopher_hitchens_and_sam_harris]</ref>}}
 
While there is an element of truth in this argument, particularly for totalitarian governments, this argument is largely a [[straw man]] attack on the separate modernist belief that humans can improve their condition without relying on God. Just because a person works towards making the world a better place, it does not automatically imply a belief in a perfect world. Improving the world by human effort alone can be problematic for some theists because it flies in the face of religious [[fatalism]].
 
===Unweaving the rainbow===
 
The poet Keats complained that "cold philosophy" was "unweaving the rainbow" as it would "conquer all mysteries". While scientists have explained many previously mysterious phenomena such as earthquakes, lightning, optics, etc., it has uncovered a vast array of deeper mysteries that are even harder for humans to understand. Also, we should be wary of valuing ignorance for the sake of aesthetics. This argument is taken up in [[Unweaving the Rainbow|the book]] by [[Richard Dawkins]] of the same name.
 
{{quote-source|Science, and especially quantum mechanics, far from telling us we can know everything, tells us there will always be things we cannot know. No one ultimately understands. Science affirms the complexity and mystery of the universe. Science, like the religious impulse, opens us up to a world where we face mystery. There are forces in the universe that will always lie beyond the capacity of the human mind.|[[Chris Hedges]]<ref>[[I Don't Believe in Atheists]]</ref>}}
 
===Materialism cannot explain thought===
 
{{quote|human thoughts and theories are not comprised only of materials. Chemicals are certainly involved in the human thought process, but they cannot explain all human thoughts. The ''theory'' of materialism isn’t made of molecules. Likewise, someone’s thoughts, whether they be of love or hate, are not chemicals. How much does love weigh? What’s the chemical composition of hate? <ref name="enough-faith">[[I Don't Have Enough Faith to be an Atheist]]</ref>}}
 
Again, [[argument from ignorance]] and [[god of the gaps]]. It is quite possible that scientists will one day answer these issues.
 
===Materialism cannot explain life===
 
{{quote|if life were nothing more than materials, then we’d be able to take all the materials of life-which are the same materials found in dirt-and make a living being. We cannot. There’s clearly something beyond materials in life.<ref name="enough-faith"/>}}
 
So far, the apologist has not mentioned anything that is beyond what science can potentially answer. Again, [[argument from ignorance]] and [[god of the gaps]].
 
===Materialism cannot explain morality===
 
{{quote|First, Darwinism asserts that only materials exist, but materials don’t have morality. How much does hate weigh? Is there an atom for love? What’s the chemical composition of the murder molecule? These questions are meaningless because physical particles are not responsible for morality.<ref name="enough-faith"/>}}
 
Morality is a function of our brain and can be explained in those terms.
 
===Majority argument===
 
{{quote|if materialism is true, then everyone in all of human history who has ever had any kind of spiritual experience has been completely mistaken. While this is possible, given the vast number of spiritual experiences, it does not seem likely.<ref name="enough-faith"/>}}
 
This is an [[Argumentum ad populum|appeal to majority]]. Yes, they can be mistaken. In fact, it is probably explainable today based on human psychology.
 
===Evolutionary argument against naturalism===
 
Another argument is the [[evolutionary argument against naturalism]]:
 
{{quote|materialism is true, then reason itself is impossible. For if mental processes are nothing but chemical reactions in the brain, then there is no reason to believe that ''anything'' is true (including the theory of materialism). Chemicals can’t evaluate whether or not a theory is true. Chemicals don’t reason, they react.<ref name="enough-faith"/>}}
 
Our brains are more then chemical reactions: there is an electrical component too which is probably more significant. There is no reason why a series of chemical reactions cannot constitute reasoning.
 
Why does the material nature of our brains cause us to have total doubt? [[Non sequitur|That does not follow]].
 
==Other meanings==
 
===Confusion with seeking material possessions===


Materialism in the philosophical sense (there is no "spiritual substance") and materialism in the common sense (material possessions are the most important thing in life) are often confused, which leads to either an [[equivocation]] fallacy or a complete misunderstanding of what skeptics believe, and in some cases has resulted in theists claiming that "[[atheists worship materialism]]". This is often tied to an equivocation fallacy regarding the word "[[spirituality]]", which can either be a reference to a real "spirit" separate from the body, or simply a set of attitudes regarding what is most important in life.
Materialism in the philosophical sense (there is no "spiritual substance") and materialism in the common sense (material possessions are the most important thing in life) are often confused, which leads to either an [[equivocation]] fallacy or a complete misunderstanding of what skeptics believe, and in some cases has resulted in theists claiming that "[[atheists worship materialism]]". This is often tied to an equivocation fallacy regarding the word "[[spirituality]]", which can either be a reference to a real "spirit" separate from the body, or simply a set of attitudes regarding what is most important in life.


===Historical Materialism===
===Historical Materialism===
'''Historical Materialism''' is a methodological approach to the study of society, economics, and history. Historical materialism looks for the causes of developments and changes in human society in the means by which humans collectively produce the necessities of life. The non-economic features of a society (e.g. social classes, political structures, ideologies) are seen as being an outgrowth of its economic activity. This means that socio-economic and political factors cause historical change, and as a result of this some necessities in life for future generations will change comparative to past generations.  
 
Historical Materialism is a methodological approach to the study of society, economics, and history. Historical materialism looks for the causes of developments and changes in human society in the means by which humans collectively produce the necessities of life. The non-economic features of a society (e.g. social classes, political structures, ideologies) are seen as being an outgrowth of its economic activity. This means that socio-economic and political factors cause historical change, and as a result of this some necessities in life for future generations will change comparative to past generations.  


In the context of religion and theism, historical materialism shows that over time, particularly in economically developed countries since the mid 19th century, society has seen a reduction in religious participation and practice as well as an increase in atheism. Therefore it is conclusive to say that capitalist development has resulted in an increase in the plethora of ideological opinion, foremost of which being atheism and the increasing acceptance of science, as society increasingly sees that blind faith in a Deity is not a necessity as there are other paths its citizens can take to live a happy and fulfilled life.
In the context of religion and theism, historical materialism shows that over time, particularly in economically developed countries since the mid 19th century, society has seen a reduction in religious participation and practice as well as an increase in atheism. Therefore it is conclusive to say that capitalist development has resulted in an increase in the plethora of ideological opinion, foremost of which being atheism and the increasing acceptance of science, as society increasingly sees that blind faith in a Deity is not a necessity as there are other paths its citizens can take to live a happy and fulfilled life.


==References==


<references/>
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]

Revision as of 05:24, 7 March 2020

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For more information, see the Wikipedia article:

Materialism is the philosophical position that the material world — that is, the "natural world" of matter and energy — is the only thing that truly exists. It rejects supernatural explanations of observable phenomena, as well as philosophical idealism and spiritualism.

"By ‘materialism’ we mean the claim that all the motions and states of the physical (including the biological) universe form a closed world of causation, solely under the influence of a small number of known measurable forces. As I pointed out, this claim requires us to accept that these forces have some counterintuitive properties, our intuitions having been formed by the experience of our gross senses.[1]"

Materialism is the basis of all scientific inquiry, although many scientists do hold supernatural or spiritual beliefs that may even play a role in their scientific endeavors. Materialists would see other forms of energy such as light photons as the same substance as matter. For this reason, metaphysical explanations are usually rejected out of hand.

"When you go to a car mechanic, do you go to one that does a séance to rid your car of evil spirits? Or do you go to a car mechanic that looks for real and physical reasons that your car doesn't work? [2]"

In common parlance, materialism also means the attitude of valuing material possessions over intangible things like love and honor (some strawmen would also associate this term with being a greedy immoral monster). For this reason, the word can have a pejorative connotation. Materialism should not be seen as bad. Love and honor have a physical basis in the human brain. Neural psychologists are discovering how loving brains and brains that respect honor differ from other brains. Scientists do not know the details yet. That should not stop us valuing love or honor or thinking of them as tangible and real. (Not only that, but we are after all biological life-forms who exist in the physical realm, it would be unhealthy for us, both mentally and physiologically, to reject all that exists on the sole and baseless criteria that it is "physical" - including what the strawman considers to be the only thing this term applies to)

Criticism

Reductionism

Materialism is sometimes accused of reductionism, which over simplifies reality in an attempt to explain it. In particular, it rejects metaphysical explanations which theists claim are necessary to explain the divine. [3]

"But in the real world our inwards are invisible."

— Lady Reason in The Pilgrim’s Regress by C. S. Lewis

However, materialism is arguably not reductionist if it is consistent will all real phenomena. There is no reliable evidence of any phenomena that is incompatible with materialism.

"The reasons for which "this" [material] world has been characterized as "apparent" are the very reasons which indicate its reality; any other kind of reality is absolutely indemonstrable."

Friedrich Nietzsche

Moral relativism

Critics of materialism claim that it supports moral relativism, i.e. "all points of view are equally valid."[4], since it rejects absolute morality.[3] However, this is a false dichotomy since these are not the only two positions on the matter. Also, this is a straw man argument because materialism also rejects this form of moral relativism since it is also a metaphysical position. While materialism sees personal values as a product of culture, upbringing, environment, DNA, etc., it does not claim that different values are "equally valid" because "valid" in this context is a metaphysical concept.

Undermines personal responsibility

Materialism also supposedly undermines personal responsibility because it claims that external factors can influence our decisions and our "free will". While factually questionable, it is also an appeal to consequences - the desirability or undesirability of the consequences of a belief are not factors in determining its validity.

Utopianism

Utopianism is an attempt to create a perfect world and is another alleged consequence of materialism. This movement is dangerous because it does not consider or allow for practical limitations, compromises with other groups and the often uncooperative aspects of human nature. In other words, utopianism is another form of reductionism.

"The utopian dream of a perfect society and a perfect human being, the idea that we are moving towards collective salvation, is one of the most dangerous legacies of the Christian faith and the Enlightenment. Those who believe in the possibility of this perfection often call for the silencing or eradication of human beings who are impediments to human progress. They turn their particular good into a universal good. They are blind to their own corruption and capacity for evil. They soon commit evil, not for evil's sake but to make a better world."

Chris Hedges[5]

While there is an element of truth in this argument, particularly for totalitarian governments, this argument is largely a straw man attack on the separate modernist belief that humans can improve their condition without relying on God. Just because a person works towards making the world a better place, it does not automatically imply a belief in a perfect world. Improving the world by human effort alone can be problematic for some theists because it flies in the face of religious fatalism.

Unweaving the rainbow

The poet Keats complained that "cold philosophy" was "unweaving the rainbow" as it would "conquer all mysteries". While scientists have explained many previously mysterious phenomena such as earthquakes, lightning, optics, etc., it has uncovered a vast array of deeper mysteries that are even harder for humans to understand. Also, we should be wary of valuing ignorance for the sake of aesthetics. This argument is taken up in the book by Richard Dawkins of the same name.

"Science, and especially quantum mechanics, far from telling us we can know everything, tells us there will always be things we cannot know. No one ultimately understands. Science affirms the complexity and mystery of the universe. Science, like the religious impulse, opens us up to a world where we face mystery. There are forces in the universe that will always lie beyond the capacity of the human mind."

Chris Hedges[6]

Materialism cannot explain thought

"human thoughts and theories are not comprised only of materials. Chemicals are certainly involved in the human thought process, but they cannot explain all human thoughts. The theory of materialism isn’t made of molecules. Likewise, someone’s thoughts, whether they be of love or hate, are not chemicals. How much does love weigh? What’s the chemical composition of hate? [7]"

Again, argument from ignorance and god of the gaps. It is quite possible that scientists will one day answer these issues.

Materialism cannot explain life

"if life were nothing more than materials, then we’d be able to take all the materials of life-which are the same materials found in dirt-and make a living being. We cannot. There’s clearly something beyond materials in life.[7]"

So far, the apologist has not mentioned anything that is beyond what science can potentially answer. Again, argument from ignorance and god of the gaps.

Materialism cannot explain morality

"First, Darwinism asserts that only materials exist, but materials don’t have morality. How much does hate weigh? Is there an atom for love? What’s the chemical composition of the murder molecule? These questions are meaningless because physical particles are not responsible for morality.[7]"

Morality is a function of our brain and can be explained in those terms.

Majority argument

"if materialism is true, then everyone in all of human history who has ever had any kind of spiritual experience has been completely mistaken. While this is possible, given the vast number of spiritual experiences, it does not seem likely.[7]"

This is an appeal to majority. Yes, they can be mistaken. In fact, it is probably explainable today based on human psychology.

Evolutionary argument against naturalism

Another argument is the evolutionary argument against naturalism:

"materialism is true, then reason itself is impossible. For if mental processes are nothing but chemical reactions in the brain, then there is no reason to believe that anything is true (including the theory of materialism). Chemicals can’t evaluate whether or not a theory is true. Chemicals don’t reason, they react.[7]"

Our brains are more then chemical reactions: there is an electrical component too which is probably more significant. There is no reason why a series of chemical reactions cannot constitute reasoning.

Why does the material nature of our brains cause us to have total doubt? That does not follow.

Other meanings

Confusion with seeking material possessions

Materialism in the philosophical sense (there is no "spiritual substance") and materialism in the common sense (material possessions are the most important thing in life) are often confused, which leads to either an equivocation fallacy or a complete misunderstanding of what skeptics believe, and in some cases has resulted in theists claiming that "atheists worship materialism". This is often tied to an equivocation fallacy regarding the word "spirituality", which can either be a reference to a real "spirit" separate from the body, or simply a set of attitudes regarding what is most important in life.

Historical Materialism

Historical Materialism is a methodological approach to the study of society, economics, and history. Historical materialism looks for the causes of developments and changes in human society in the means by which humans collectively produce the necessities of life. The non-economic features of a society (e.g. social classes, political structures, ideologies) are seen as being an outgrowth of its economic activity. This means that socio-economic and political factors cause historical change, and as a result of this some necessities in life for future generations will change comparative to past generations.

In the context of religion and theism, historical materialism shows that over time, particularly in economically developed countries since the mid 19th century, society has seen a reduction in religious participation and practice as well as an increase in atheism. Therefore it is conclusive to say that capitalist development has resulted in an increase in the plethora of ideological opinion, foremost of which being atheism and the increasing acceptance of science, as society increasingly sees that blind faith in a Deity is not a necessity as there are other paths its citizens can take to live a happy and fulfilled life.

References

  1. (Richard Lewontin, New York Review of Books, March 6, 1997
  2. [1]
  3. 3.0 3.1 [2]
  4. [3]
  5. [4]
  6. I Don't Believe in Atheists
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 I Don't Have Enough Faith to be an Atheist